DEAN (Dense Electron Assisted Nuclear) reactions

Basic LENR in the DEAN model

Introduction

The DEAN¹ (Dense Electron Assisted Nuclear) reaction model is primarily developed as an in-house tool by Heliorite AB. Until a study of the DEAN model can be published, a few assumptions and basic reactions in the model are presented in this document, as a condensed follow-up to 'How to boost LENR – a few suggestions for nickel hydrogen systems'.

Dense electrons

The concept of muons or heavy electrons participating in LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reactions) has been proposed by different physicists. In the DEAN model, dense electrons are the basis for LENR.

Some properties of the dense electrons and their DEAN containers:

Dense electrons are electrons that under special conditions have become bound in very deep orbitals, below 1s. This is a fundamental assumption and it violates present physical theory.
Charge-neutral DEAN species penetrate the electron shells of other atoms.
On femto- to picometer scale, the dense electrons in a charge-neutral DEAN specie are electrostatically attracted by other nuclei and DEAN complexes can be formed with them.
The small internuclear bond distances in a DEAN complex, combined with the high electrostatic shielding effect of the dense electrons, substantially increase the nuclei tunneling probability through the Coulomb barriers in the complex.
A DEAN specie is an extremely high-frequency oscillator that can fractionate and transmit energy from an internal excited (compound) nucleus, before high-energy neutrons and high-energy photons are emitted.
Due to its high energy transmission capacity and low-energy electron orbitals, a DEAN specie can survive internal nuclear reactions.
DEAN species increase the transmutation rate in contained unstable nuclei prone to β⁺ decay.

DEAN hydrogen-hydrogen reactions

				ΔQ (MeV)
1.	[¹H_N]	→	[¹H_N-2 ²H] + ν_e	1.44
2.	[¹H_N ²H]	→	[¹H_N-1 ³He]	5.49
3.	[¹H_N ³H]	→	[¹H_N-1 ⁴He]	19.81
4.	[²H_N]	→	[²H_N-2 ⁴He]	23.85
5.	[²H_N]	→	[²H_N-2 ³H] + p⁺ + e^-	4.03
6.	[²H_N ³H]	→	[²H_N-1 ⁴He] + n	17.59
Table 1. DEAN complexes are marked with brackets.

DEAN hydrogen reactions with higher elements


1.	[¹H_N A ZM]^m+	→	[¹H_N-1 A+1 Z+1M]^m+
2.	[¹H_N A ZM]^m+	→	[¹H_N A Z-1M]^m+ + ν_e
3.	[²H₁ M]^m+	→	[B]^a+ + C^(m-a)+ (+ X n + γ)
4.	[²H_N M]^m+	→	[B]^a+ + [C]^(m+k-a)+ + N-1 d⁺ + k+N-1 e^-
5.	[²H_N A ZM]^m+	→	[²H_N-1 A+1 ZM]^m-1 + p⁺
6.	[²H_N A ZM]^m+	→	[²H_N-1 A+2 Z+1M]^m+
7.	[²H_N A ZM]^m+	→	[²H_N A Z-1M]^m+ + ν_e
Table 2. DEAN complexes are marked with brackets. M are nuclei of elements other than hydrogen. B and C are fission products. The m charges refer to the DEAN complexes only, excluding the 1s electrons and above. In formula (3), X can be 0 or above. In formula (4), N >= 2 and complete dissociation of the DEAN hydrogen complex is written out even though DEAN fragments can persist.

¹ DEAN has replaced the earlier acronym DAIPO.

Last edited 2015-12-29 First published 2015-12-29